Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of fiscal policies (FP) on borrowing costs and credit access (BCAC) for SMEs, considering the role of monetary policy (MP) as a the second independent factor. This research aims to understand more deeply how fiscal and monetary policies can be utilized to support growth and access to finance for SMEs, as well as identify remaining barriers to access to finance. Through comprehensive analysis, this study is expected to provide effective policy recommendations to improve access to credit for SMEs, which in turn can support economic growth and job creation. This study adopts a quantitative research design using statistical analysis to examine the impact of fiscal policies on borrowing costs and credit access for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The analysis will be conducted using the SMARTPLS 3.0. Sample size based on valuable samples are 120 of SME. The sampling technique used in this study will be purposive sampling. This approach will involve selecting SMEs that meet specific criteria, such as size, sector, and eligibility for relevant government programs or incentives. Result of this study state Fiscal Policy (FP) and Monetary Policy (MP) have a significant effect on Borrowing Costs and Access to Credit (BCAC).
Keywords
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References
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- Andreeva, D. C., & García-Posada, M. (2021). The impact of the ECB’s targeted long-term refinancing operations on banks’ lending policies: The role of competition. Journal of Banking and Finance, 122(December 2011), 105992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2020.105992
- Auer, S., Bernardini, M., & Cecioni, M. (2021). Corporate leverage and monetary policy effectiveness in the euro area. European Economic Review, 140, 103943. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103943
- Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2008). Financing patterns around the world: Are small firms different? Journal of Financial Economics, 89(3), 467–487.
- Berger, A. N., Karakaplan, M. U., & Roman, R. A. (2024a). Chapter 13 - Policy reactions to the COVID-19 crisis in the rest of the world and their effects on economies, households, nonfinancial firms, banks, and financial markets (A. N. Berger, M. U. Karakaplan, & R. A. B. T.-T. E. and F. I. of the C.-19 C. A. the W. Roman (eds.); pp. 239–253). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19162-6.00002-5
- Berger, A. N., Karakaplan, M. U., & Roman, R. A. (2024b). Chapter 16 - Continuations vs scale backs of COVID-19 crisis policies in the crisis aftermath (A. N. Berger, M. U. Karakaplan, & R. A. B. T.-T. E. and F. I. of the C.-19 C. A. the W. Roman (eds.); pp. 275–305). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19162-6.00016-5
- Crocco, M., Faria-Silva, F., Paulo-Rezende, L., & Rodríguez-Fuentes, C. J. (2014). Banks and regional development: an empirical analysis on the determinants of credit availability in Brazilian regions. Regional Studies, 48(5), 883–895.
- Domonkos, T., Fisera, B., & Siranova, M. (2023). Income inequality as long-term conditioning factor of monetary transmission to bank rates. Economic Modelling, 128, 106492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106492
- Ferrando, A., Popov, A., & Udell, G. F. (2022). Unconventional monetary policy, funding expectations, and firm decisions. European Economic Review, 149, 104268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104268
- Gül, S., & Taştan, H. (2020). The impact of monetary policy stance, financial conditions, and the GFC on investment-cash flow sensitivity. International Review of Economics & Finance, 69, 692–707. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2020.06.030
- Gur, N., Babacan, M., Aysan, A. F., & Suleyman, S. (2023). Firm Size and Financing Behavior during COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from SMEs in Istanbul. Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(4), 804–817. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2023.02.001
- Hafezalkotob, A., Nersesian, L., & Fardi, K. (2023). A policy-making model for evolutionary SME behavior during a pandemic recession supported on game theory approach. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 177, 108975. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108975
- Huang, Y., Li, X., & Wang, C. (2021). What does peer-to-peer lending evidence say about the Risk-Taking Channel of monetary policy? Journal of Corporate Finance, 66, 101845.
- Jha, S., Mallick, S. K., Park, D., & Quising, P. F. (2014). Effectiveness of countercyclical fiscal policy: Evidence from developing Asia. Journal of Macroeconomics, 40, 82–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2014.02.006
- Juniansyah, D., Hasan, S., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). The Role of Consumer Emotional Value, and Service Innovation on Consumer Purchase Decisions: TAM Theory Approach. Golden Ratio of Marketing and Applied Psychology of Business, 3(1), 52–65.
- Kopalle, P. K., Gangwar, M., Kaplan, A., Ramachandran, D., Reinartz, W., & Rindfleisch, A. (2022). Examining artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in marketing via a global lens: Current trends and future research opportunities. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 39(2), 522–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2021.11.002
- Le, V. P. M., Matthews, K., Meenagh, D., Minford, P., & Xiao, Z. (2021). Shadow banks, banking policies and China’s macroeconomic fluctuations. Journal of International Money and Finance, 116, 102415. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102415
- Li, W., Wang, S., Cheung, A. (Wai K., & Xu, C. (2024). Shadow banking, investment and interest rate transmission: Evidence from macroprudential policy in China. Economic Analysis and Policy, 81, 115–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.11.013
- Loučanová, E., Olšiaková, M., & Štofková, J. (2022). Open Business Model of Eco-Innovation for Sustainability Development: Implications for the Open-Innovation Dynamics of Slovakia. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8020098
- Mandung, F., Mangkona, S., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). Building Empowered Online Communities: A Case Study on Brand Community in social media. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 6(1.2).
- Mariam, S., Putra, A. H. P. K., Ramli, A. H., & Aryani, F. (2023). Analysis of the Effect of Debt Level, Market Orientation, and Financial Literacy on Microenterprise Financial Performance: The Mediating Role of Consumer Behavior. Atestasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 6(2), 469–494.
- Mittal, V., & Sridhar, S. (2020). Customer based execution and strategy: Enhancing the relevance & utilization of B2B scholarship in the C-suite. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 396–409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.036
- Neaime, S., & Gaysset, I. (2022). Macroeconomic and monetary policy responses in selected highly indebted MENA countries post Covid 19: A structural VAR approach. Research in International Business and Finance, 61, 101674. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101674
- Peñarroya-Farell, M., Miralles, F., & Vaziri, M. (2023). Open and sustainable business model innovation: An intention-based perspective from the Spanish cultural firms. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(2), 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100036
- Putra, A. H. P. K. (2022). Editorial Notes: Transformation Customers’ Needs in The Aspect of Client Value in Industry 4.0. Golden Ratio of Marketing and Applied Psychology of Business, 2(1).
- Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). The Effect of Social Interaction and Social Support on E-Commerce Purchase Intention: UGT and TAM Theory Perspective. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(9), e987–e987.
- Putra, A. H. P. K., & Elpisah, E. (2023). Effect of Internal Control System and Reward System on Managerial Performance with Locus of Control as Moderating Variable in Banking. Golden Ratio of Data in Summary, 3(1), 1–6.
- Putra, A. H. P. K., Mansur, D. M., Ulfah, M., & Hajiali, I. (2023). Key factors of business sustainability: Strengthening leadership, psychology, and fairness aspects from an Islamic-management perspective. Nurture, 17(4), 694–710.
- Putra, A. H. P. K. P., & Adawiah, A. (2023). Improving Financial Efficiency through Integrated Human Resource Management and the Mediating Role of Leadership and Organizational Culture in Organizational Performance. Atestasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 6(2), 546–569.
- Putra, A. H. P. K., & Rahmi, R. (2023). Analysis of Comparative Advantages and Shifts Share in Economic Sectors: Empirical Study in Wajo Regency, Indonesia. Golden Ratio of Data in Summary, 3(1), 45–58.
- Putra, A. H. P. K., Rahmi, R., & Laisila, M. (2023). Unlocking the Symphony of Innovation: Weaving Knowledge Management into Organizational Performance. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 3(2), 76–103.
- Rakshit, S., Islam, N., Mondal, S., & Paul, T. (2022). An integrated social network marketing metric for business-to-business SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 150(June), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.006
- Sahoo, P., & Bishnoi, A. (2023). Drivers of corporate investment in India: The role of firm-specific factors and macroeconomic policy. Economic Modelling, 125, 106330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106330
- Sapiri, M., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). Causality of Bank Financial Performance, Green Bond, CSR, Green Financing Portfolio and CO2 Emissions in Transportation: Evidence from Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(6), 511–522.
- Savrul, M., Incekara, A., & Sener, S. (2014). The Potential of E-commerce for SMEs in a Globalizing Business Environment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 35–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.005
- Sensarma, R., & Bhattacharyya, I. (2016). The impact of monetary policy on corporate bonds in India. Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(3), 587–602. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2016.03.004
- Shui, B. (2023). Major risk shocks, financial relief policies and loan maturity for MSMEs: Evidence from China. Finance Research Letters, 55, 103903. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.103903
- Singh, S. K., Giudice, M. Del, Chierici, R., & Graziano, D. (2020). Green innovation and environmental performance: The role of green transformational leadership and green human resource management. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150(September 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119762
- Sirin, S. M., Uz, D., & Sevindik, I. (2022). How do macroeconomic dynamics affect small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the power sector in developing economies: Evidence from Turkey. Energy Policy, 168, 113127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113127
- Sultan, S., Paris, Y., Sapriyadi, S., Lukman, S., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). The Effect Of Entrepreneur Competency And External Factors On The Performance Of Small-Medium Industry In South Sulawesi. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 6(1.2).
- Telci, E. E., Maden, C., & Kantur, D. (2011). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A marketing and management perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 378–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.120
- Wang, R., Hou, J., & Jiang, Z. (2021). Environmental policies with financing constraints in China. Energy Economics, 94, 105089. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.105089
- Wang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, Z., Cui, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Role of fiscal and monetary policies for economic recovery in China. Economic Analysis and Policy, 77, 51–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.10.011
- Wehinger, G. (2014). SMEs and the credit crunch: Current financing difficulties, policy measures and a review of literature. OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends, 2013(2), 115–148.
- Wichmann, J. R. K., Uppal, A., Sharma, A., & Dekimpe, M. G. (2022). A global perspective on the marketing mix across time and space. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 39(2), 502–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2021.09.001
References
Agarwal, P., Ahallawat, K., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). Role of Advertising Agencies in Marketing Effectiveness: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Informatics Education and Research, 3(2).
Alo, O., Ali, I., Zahoor, N., Arslan, A., & Golgeci, I. (2023). Impression management and leadership in failing or failed business-to-business firms during and post-COVID-19: Empirical insights from Africa. Industrial Marketing Management, 113(April 2022), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.05.018
Andreeva, D. C., & García-Posada, M. (2021). The impact of the ECB’s targeted long-term refinancing operations on banks’ lending policies: The role of competition. Journal of Banking and Finance, 122(December 2011), 105992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2020.105992
Auer, S., Bernardini, M., & Cecioni, M. (2021). Corporate leverage and monetary policy effectiveness in the euro area. European Economic Review, 140, 103943. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103943
Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2008). Financing patterns around the world: Are small firms different? Journal of Financial Economics, 89(3), 467–487.
Berger, A. N., Karakaplan, M. U., & Roman, R. A. (2024a). Chapter 13 - Policy reactions to the COVID-19 crisis in the rest of the world and their effects on economies, households, nonfinancial firms, banks, and financial markets (A. N. Berger, M. U. Karakaplan, & R. A. B. T.-T. E. and F. I. of the C.-19 C. A. the W. Roman (eds.); pp. 239–253). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19162-6.00002-5
Berger, A. N., Karakaplan, M. U., & Roman, R. A. (2024b). Chapter 16 - Continuations vs scale backs of COVID-19 crisis policies in the crisis aftermath (A. N. Berger, M. U. Karakaplan, & R. A. B. T.-T. E. and F. I. of the C.-19 C. A. the W. Roman (eds.); pp. 275–305). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19162-6.00016-5
Crocco, M., Faria-Silva, F., Paulo-Rezende, L., & Rodríguez-Fuentes, C. J. (2014). Banks and regional development: an empirical analysis on the determinants of credit availability in Brazilian regions. Regional Studies, 48(5), 883–895.
Domonkos, T., Fisera, B., & Siranova, M. (2023). Income inequality as long-term conditioning factor of monetary transmission to bank rates. Economic Modelling, 128, 106492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106492
Ferrando, A., Popov, A., & Udell, G. F. (2022). Unconventional monetary policy, funding expectations, and firm decisions. European Economic Review, 149, 104268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104268
Gül, S., & Taştan, H. (2020). The impact of monetary policy stance, financial conditions, and the GFC on investment-cash flow sensitivity. International Review of Economics & Finance, 69, 692–707. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2020.06.030
Gur, N., Babacan, M., Aysan, A. F., & Suleyman, S. (2023). Firm Size and Financing Behavior during COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from SMEs in Istanbul. Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(4), 804–817. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2023.02.001
Hafezalkotob, A., Nersesian, L., & Fardi, K. (2023). A policy-making model for evolutionary SME behavior during a pandemic recession supported on game theory approach. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 177, 108975. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108975
Huang, Y., Li, X., & Wang, C. (2021). What does peer-to-peer lending evidence say about the Risk-Taking Channel of monetary policy? Journal of Corporate Finance, 66, 101845.
Jha, S., Mallick, S. K., Park, D., & Quising, P. F. (2014). Effectiveness of countercyclical fiscal policy: Evidence from developing Asia. Journal of Macroeconomics, 40, 82–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2014.02.006
Juniansyah, D., Hasan, S., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). The Role of Consumer Emotional Value, and Service Innovation on Consumer Purchase Decisions: TAM Theory Approach. Golden Ratio of Marketing and Applied Psychology of Business, 3(1), 52–65.
Kopalle, P. K., Gangwar, M., Kaplan, A., Ramachandran, D., Reinartz, W., & Rindfleisch, A. (2022). Examining artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in marketing via a global lens: Current trends and future research opportunities. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 39(2), 522–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2021.11.002
Le, V. P. M., Matthews, K., Meenagh, D., Minford, P., & Xiao, Z. (2021). Shadow banks, banking policies and China’s macroeconomic fluctuations. Journal of International Money and Finance, 116, 102415. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102415
Li, W., Wang, S., Cheung, A. (Wai K., & Xu, C. (2024). Shadow banking, investment and interest rate transmission: Evidence from macroprudential policy in China. Economic Analysis and Policy, 81, 115–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.11.013
Loučanová, E., Olšiaková, M., & Štofková, J. (2022). Open Business Model of Eco-Innovation for Sustainability Development: Implications for the Open-Innovation Dynamics of Slovakia. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8020098
Mandung, F., Mangkona, S., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). Building Empowered Online Communities: A Case Study on Brand Community in social media. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 6(1.2).
Mariam, S., Putra, A. H. P. K., Ramli, A. H., & Aryani, F. (2023). Analysis of the Effect of Debt Level, Market Orientation, and Financial Literacy on Microenterprise Financial Performance: The Mediating Role of Consumer Behavior. Atestasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 6(2), 469–494.
Mittal, V., & Sridhar, S. (2020). Customer based execution and strategy: Enhancing the relevance & utilization of B2B scholarship in the C-suite. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 396–409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.036
Neaime, S., & Gaysset, I. (2022). Macroeconomic and monetary policy responses in selected highly indebted MENA countries post Covid 19: A structural VAR approach. Research in International Business and Finance, 61, 101674. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101674
Peñarroya-Farell, M., Miralles, F., & Vaziri, M. (2023). Open and sustainable business model innovation: An intention-based perspective from the Spanish cultural firms. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(2), 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100036
Putra, A. H. P. K. (2022). Editorial Notes: Transformation Customers’ Needs in The Aspect of Client Value in Industry 4.0. Golden Ratio of Marketing and Applied Psychology of Business, 2(1).
Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). The Effect of Social Interaction and Social Support on E-Commerce Purchase Intention: UGT and TAM Theory Perspective. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(9), e987–e987.
Putra, A. H. P. K., & Elpisah, E. (2023). Effect of Internal Control System and Reward System on Managerial Performance with Locus of Control as Moderating Variable in Banking. Golden Ratio of Data in Summary, 3(1), 1–6.
Putra, A. H. P. K., Mansur, D. M., Ulfah, M., & Hajiali, I. (2023). Key factors of business sustainability: Strengthening leadership, psychology, and fairness aspects from an Islamic-management perspective. Nurture, 17(4), 694–710.
Putra, A. H. P. K. P., & Adawiah, A. (2023). Improving Financial Efficiency through Integrated Human Resource Management and the Mediating Role of Leadership and Organizational Culture in Organizational Performance. Atestasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 6(2), 546–569.
Putra, A. H. P. K., & Rahmi, R. (2023). Analysis of Comparative Advantages and Shifts Share in Economic Sectors: Empirical Study in Wajo Regency, Indonesia. Golden Ratio of Data in Summary, 3(1), 45–58.
Putra, A. H. P. K., Rahmi, R., & Laisila, M. (2023). Unlocking the Symphony of Innovation: Weaving Knowledge Management into Organizational Performance. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 3(2), 76–103.
Rakshit, S., Islam, N., Mondal, S., & Paul, T. (2022). An integrated social network marketing metric for business-to-business SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 150(June), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.006
Sahoo, P., & Bishnoi, A. (2023). Drivers of corporate investment in India: The role of firm-specific factors and macroeconomic policy. Economic Modelling, 125, 106330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106330
Sapiri, M., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). Causality of Bank Financial Performance, Green Bond, CSR, Green Financing Portfolio and CO2 Emissions in Transportation: Evidence from Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(6), 511–522.
Savrul, M., Incekara, A., & Sener, S. (2014). The Potential of E-commerce for SMEs in a Globalizing Business Environment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 35–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.005
Sensarma, R., & Bhattacharyya, I. (2016). The impact of monetary policy on corporate bonds in India. Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(3), 587–602. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2016.03.004
Shui, B. (2023). Major risk shocks, financial relief policies and loan maturity for MSMEs: Evidence from China. Finance Research Letters, 55, 103903. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.103903
Singh, S. K., Giudice, M. Del, Chierici, R., & Graziano, D. (2020). Green innovation and environmental performance: The role of green transformational leadership and green human resource management. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150(September 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119762
Sirin, S. M., Uz, D., & Sevindik, I. (2022). How do macroeconomic dynamics affect small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the power sector in developing economies: Evidence from Turkey. Energy Policy, 168, 113127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113127
Sultan, S., Paris, Y., Sapriyadi, S., Lukman, S., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). The Effect Of Entrepreneur Competency And External Factors On The Performance Of Small-Medium Industry In South Sulawesi. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 6(1.2).
Telci, E. E., Maden, C., & Kantur, D. (2011). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A marketing and management perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 378–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.120
Wang, R., Hou, J., & Jiang, Z. (2021). Environmental policies with financing constraints in China. Energy Economics, 94, 105089. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.105089
Wang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, Z., Cui, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Role of fiscal and monetary policies for economic recovery in China. Economic Analysis and Policy, 77, 51–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.10.011
Wehinger, G. (2014). SMEs and the credit crunch: Current financing difficulties, policy measures and a review of literature. OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends, 2013(2), 115–148.
Wichmann, J. R. K., Uppal, A., Sharma, A., & Dekimpe, M. G. (2022). A global perspective on the marketing mix across time and space. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 39(2), 502–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2021.09.001