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Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive framework for evaluating green investments, considering environmental impacts and financial outcomes. This framework is designed to assist decision-makers in identifying projects that provide high financial returns while considering positive environmental impacts. The proposed green investment evaluation methods include net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and cost-benefit analysis, which considers the economic value of environmental impacts. The proposed green investment evaluation method includes Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), tools commonly used in financial assessment. This framework also considers a cost-benefit analysis that includes the economic value of environmental impacts. These results allow stakeholders to consider energy savings, carbon emission reduction, and the social impact of green investment projects.
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References
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- Almarri, K., & Blackwell, P. (2014). Improving risk sharing and investment appraisal for PPP procurement success in large green projects. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 119, 847–856.
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- Chen, Y., & Ma, Y. (2021). Does green investment improve energy firm performance? Energy Policy, 153, 112252.
- Del Giudice, V., Massimo, D. E., Salvo, F., De Paola, P., De Ruggiero, M., & Musolino, M. (2021). Market price premium for green buildings: a review of empirical evidence. Case study. New Metropolitan Perspectives: Knowledge Dynamics and Innovation-Driven Policies Towards Urban and Regional Transition Volume 2, 1237–1247.
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- Gu, Y., Ho, K.-C., Yan, C., & Gozgor, G. (2021b). Public environmental concern, CEO turnover, and green investment: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Energy Economics, 100, 105379.
- Hagspiel, V., Nunes, C., Oliveira, C., & Portela, M. (2021). Green investment under time-dependent subsidy retraction risk. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 126, 103936.
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- Hossain, M. I., Ong, T., Heng, T., Mohd Said, R., & Siow, M. L. (2022). Nexus of stakeholder integration, green investment, green technology adoption and environmental sustainability practices: Evidence from Bangladesh textile SMEs. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. Humanit, 30, 253–281.
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- Huang, L., & Lei, Z. (2021). How environmental regulation affect corporate green investment: evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123560.
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- Ruales, J. H., Seriño, M. N. V, Ratilla, T. C., Cuizon, J. G., & Enerlan, W. C. (2020). Investment appraisal of selected climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices among small scale coconut farmers in Leyte, Philippines.
- Shen, Y., Su, Z.-W., Malik, M. Y., Umar, M., Khan, Z., & Khan, M. (2021). Does green investment, financial development and natural resources rent limit carbon emissions? A provincial panel analysis of China. Science of the Total Environment, 755, 142538.
- Singh, A. K., & Sharma, V. (2022). A comparative appraisal of sustainable strategy in Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding of Nimonic 80A using novel green atomized cutting fluid. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 32, e00423.
- Tariq, M., & Xu, Y. (2022). Heterogeneous effect of GHG emissions and fossil energy on well-being and income in emerging economies: a critical appraisal of the role of environmental stringency and green energy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(46), 70340–70359.
- Tu, Q., Mo, J., Liu, Z., Gong, C., & Fan, Y. (2021). Using green finance to counteract the adverse effects of COVID-19 pandemic on renewable energy investment-The case of offshore wind power in China. Energy Policy, 158, 112542.
- Verma, S., Mandal, S. N., Robinson, S., Bajaj, D., & Saxena, A. (2021). Investment appraisal and financial benefits of corporate green buildings: a developing economy case study. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 11(2), 392–408.
- Wan, Y., & Sheng, N. (2022). Clarifying the relationship among green investment, clean energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth: a provincial panel analysis of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(6), 9038–9052.
- Wang, C., & Wang, L. (2023). Green investment and vertical alliances in the maritime supply chain. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(7), 6657–6687.
- Yuan, X., Qin, M., Zhong, Y., & Nicoleta-Claudia, M. (2023). Financial roles in green investment based on the quantile connectedness. Energy Economics, 117, 106481.
- Zhang, X., & Yousaf, H. M. A. U. (2020). Green supply chain coordination considering government intervention, green investment, and customer green preferences in the petroleum industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246, 118984.
- Zheng, G.-W., Siddik, A. B., Masukujjaman, M., Fatema, N., & Alam, S. S. (2021). Green finance development in Bangladesh: The role of private commercial banks (PCBs). Sustainability, 13(2), 795.
References
Alattyih, W., Haider, H., & Boussabaine, H. (2020). Risk factors impacting the project value created by green buildings in Saudi Arabia. Applied Sciences, 10(21), 7388.
Almarri, K., & Blackwell, P. (2014). Improving risk sharing and investment appraisal for PPP procurement success in large green projects. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 119, 847–856.
Almeida, R. P., Ayala, N. F., Benitez, G. B., Kliemann Neto, F. J., & Frank, A. G. (2023). How to assess investments in industry 4.0 technologies? A multiple-criteria framework for economic, financial, and sociotechnical factors. Production Planning & Control, 34(16), 1583–1602.
Becchetti, L., Cordella, M., & Morone, P. (2022). Measuring investments progress in ecological transition: The Green Investment Financial Tool (GIFT) approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 357, 131915.
Busch, T., Bruce-Clark, P., Derwall, J., Eccles, R., Hebb, T., Hoepner, A., Klein, C., Krueger, P., Paetzold, F., & Scholtens, B. (2021). Impact investments: A call for (re) orientation. SN Business & Economics, 1, 1–13.
Chang, K.-C., Wang, D., Lu, Y., Chang, W., Ren, G., Liu, L., & Zhou, X. (2021). Environmental regulation, promotion pressure of officials, and enterprise environmental protection investment. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 724351.
Chen, Y., & Ma, Y. (2021). Does green investment improve energy firm performance? Energy Policy, 153, 112252.
Del Giudice, V., Massimo, D. E., Salvo, F., De Paola, P., De Ruggiero, M., & Musolino, M. (2021). Market price premium for green buildings: a review of empirical evidence. Case study. New Metropolitan Perspectives: Knowledge Dynamics and Innovation-Driven Policies Towards Urban and Regional Transition Volume 2, 1237–1247.
Dobrowolski, Z., & Drozdowski, G. (2022). Does the net present value as a financial metric fit investment in green energy security? Energies, 15(1), 353.
Gibb, K., & Christie, L. (2024). Investment Appraisal, Cost Benefit Analysis and Housing Interventions 1. The Routledge Handbook of Housing Economics, 219–229.
Gu, Y., Ho, K.-C., Yan, C., & Gozgor, G. (2021a). Public environmental concern, CEO turnover, and green investment: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Energy Economics, 100, 105379.
Gu, Y., Ho, K.-C., Yan, C., & Gozgor, G. (2021b). Public environmental concern, CEO turnover, and green investment: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Energy Economics, 100, 105379.
Hagspiel, V., Nunes, C., Oliveira, C., & Portela, M. (2021). Green investment under time-dependent subsidy retraction risk. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 126, 103936.
Hang, N. P. T. (2022). Policy implications for the green bank development in the context of global climate change. Emerging Science Journal, 6(4), 817–833.
Hossain, M. I., Ong, T., Heng, T., Mohd Said, R., & Siow, M. L. (2022). Nexus of stakeholder integration, green investment, green technology adoption and environmental sustainability practices: Evidence from Bangladesh textile SMEs. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. Humanit, 30, 253–281.
Hsu, K.-W., & Chao, J.-C. (2020). Economic valuation of green infrastructure investments in urban renewal: the case of the station district in Taichung, Taiwan. Environments, 7(8), 56.
Huang, L., & Lei, Z. (2021). How environmental regulation affect corporate green investment: evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123560.
Li, C., & Umair, M. (2023). Does green finance development goals affects renewable energy in China. Renewable Energy, 203, 898–905.
Li, S., Yu, Y., Jahanger, A., Usman, M., & Ning, Y. (2022). The impact of green investment, technological innovation, and globalization on CO2 emissions: evidence from MINT countries. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 868704.
Li, Z.-Z., Li, R. Y. M., Malik, M. Y., Murshed, M., Khan, Z., & Umar, M. (2021). Determinants of carbon emission in China: how good is green investment? Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 392–401.
Liu, L., Zhao, Z., Zhang, M., & Zhou, D. (2022). Green investment efficiency in the Chinese energy sector: Overinvestment or underinvestment? Energy Policy, 160, 112694.
Metzger, D., & Schinas, O. (2019). Fuzzy real options and shared savings: Investment appraisal for green shipping technologies. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 77, 1–10.
Mohsin, M., Dilanchiev, A., & Umair, M. (2023). The impact of green climate fund portfolio structure on green finance: empirical evidence from EU countries. Ekonomika, 102(2), 130–144.
Nguyen, A. H., Do, M. H. T., Hoang, T. G., & Nguyen, L. Q. T. (2023). Green financing for sustainable development: Insights from multiple cases of Vietnamese commercial banks. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(1), 321–335.
Rizvi, S. K. A., Naqvi, B., & Mirza, N. (2022). Is green investment different from grey? Return and volatility spillovers between green and grey energy ETFs. Annals of Operations Research, 313(1), 495–524.
Ruales, J. H., Seriño, M. N. V, Ratilla, T. C., Cuizon, J. G., & Enerlan, W. C. (2020). Investment appraisal of selected climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices among small scale coconut farmers in Leyte, Philippines.
Shen, Y., Su, Z.-W., Malik, M. Y., Umar, M., Khan, Z., & Khan, M. (2021). Does green investment, financial development and natural resources rent limit carbon emissions? A provincial panel analysis of China. Science of the Total Environment, 755, 142538.
Singh, A. K., & Sharma, V. (2022). A comparative appraisal of sustainable strategy in Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding of Nimonic 80A using novel green atomized cutting fluid. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 32, e00423.
Tariq, M., & Xu, Y. (2022). Heterogeneous effect of GHG emissions and fossil energy on well-being and income in emerging economies: a critical appraisal of the role of environmental stringency and green energy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(46), 70340–70359.
Tu, Q., Mo, J., Liu, Z., Gong, C., & Fan, Y. (2021). Using green finance to counteract the adverse effects of COVID-19 pandemic on renewable energy investment-The case of offshore wind power in China. Energy Policy, 158, 112542.
Verma, S., Mandal, S. N., Robinson, S., Bajaj, D., & Saxena, A. (2021). Investment appraisal and financial benefits of corporate green buildings: a developing economy case study. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 11(2), 392–408.
Wan, Y., & Sheng, N. (2022). Clarifying the relationship among green investment, clean energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth: a provincial panel analysis of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(6), 9038–9052.
Wang, C., & Wang, L. (2023). Green investment and vertical alliances in the maritime supply chain. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(7), 6657–6687.
Yuan, X., Qin, M., Zhong, Y., & Nicoleta-Claudia, M. (2023). Financial roles in green investment based on the quantile connectedness. Energy Economics, 117, 106481.
Zhang, X., & Yousaf, H. M. A. U. (2020). Green supply chain coordination considering government intervention, green investment, and customer green preferences in the petroleum industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246, 118984.
Zheng, G.-W., Siddik, A. B., Masukujjaman, M., Fatema, N., & Alam, S. S. (2021). Green finance development in Bangladesh: The role of private commercial banks (PCBs). Sustainability, 13(2), 795.