Optimizing Government Workforce Performance: A Study of Employee Engagement, Organizational Commitment, and Knowledge Sharing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57178/atestasi.v7i2.958Keywords:
Employee Engagement, Organizational Commitment, Social Exchange Theory, Knowledge Sharing, PerformanceAbstract
The organization must preserve balance by establishing mutually beneficial relationships with its employees, who are its most valuable assets. Several essential aspects are required to maintain this equilibrium, including organizational commitment, employee engagement, and information exchange. We use social exchange theory to investigate the effects of commitment, knowledge sharing, and employee engagement on civil servant performance outcomes (ASN). This study uses a cross-sectional design and includes 115 civil servants from Tasikmalaya. Data analysis utilizes Stata/MP 17.0 for descriptive, bivariable, and multivariable analyses. The research findings indicate a positive impact of employee engagement, affective and normative commitment, and knowledge sharing on ASN performance. However, the negative effect of tenure exceeding five years and continuance commitment on ASN performance is negative. These findings illustrate that while employees are generally expected to have high organizational commitment, continuous commitment to material benefits may be detrimental. The results serve as a basis for discussion among researchers to conduct further longitudinal studies for more accurate conclusions.
Downloads
References
Adenfelt, M. (2010). Exploring the performance of transnational projects: Shared knowledge, coordination and communication. International Journal of Project Management, 28(6), 529-538. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.10.004
Adler, S., Campion, M., Colquitt, A., Grubb, A., Murphy, K., Ollander-Krane, R., & Pulakos, E. D. (2016). Getting Rid of Performance Ratings: Genius or Folly? A Debate. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9(2), 219-252. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.106
Ahmad, R., Nawaz, M. R., Ishaq, M. I., Khan, M. M., & Ashraf, H. A. (2023). Social exchange theory: Systematic review and future directions [Systematic Review]. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1015921
Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Review: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107-136. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250961
Ali, S., Shahzad, F., Hussain, I., Yongjian, P., Khan, M. M., & Iqbal, Z. (2022). The Outcomes of Organizational Cronyism: A Social Exchange Theory Perspective [Original Research]. 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805262
Allard, I. N. (2010). Examining the relationship between organizational culture and performance: Moderators of culture gap (Publication Number 3420667) [Ph.D., Northcentral University]. Publicly Available Content Database. United States -- California. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/examining-relationship-between-organizational/docview/749945161/se-2?accountid=13771
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: An Examination of Construct Validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), 252-276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0043
An, X., Deng, H., Chao, L., & Bai, W. (2014). Knowledge management in supporting collaborative innovation community capacity building. Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(3), 574-590. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2013-0413
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social Identity Theory and the Organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20-39. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4278999
Bates, S. (2004). Getting engaged. HR magazine, 49(2), 44-51.
Baumruk, R. (2004). The missing link: the role of employee engagement in business success. In (Vol. 47, pp. 48-52): Workspan.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34(2), 193-206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x
Boezeman, E. J., & Ellemers, N. (2007). Volunteering for charity: pride, respect, and the commitment of volunteers. J Appl Psychol, 92(3), 771-785. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.771
Borst, R. T. (2018). Comparing Work Engagement in People-Changing and People-Processing Service Providers: A Mediation Model With Red Tape, Autonomy, Dimensions of PSM, and Performance. Public Personnel Management, 47(3), 287-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026018770225
Borst, R. T., Kruyen, P. M., Lako, C. J., & de Vries, M. S. (2019). The Attitudinal, Behavioral, and Performance Outcomes of Work Engagement: A Comparative Meta-Analysis Across the Public, Semipublic, and Private Sector. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 40(4), 613-640. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X19840399
Bryant, J., & Vorderer, P. (2006). Psychology of Entertainment (1st ed.). Routledge https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203873694
Byrne, Z. S. (2022). Understanding employee engagement: Theory, research, and practice. Routledge.
Byrne, Z. S., Peters, J. M., & Weston, J. W. (2016). The struggle with employee engagement: Measures and construct clarification using five samples. J Appl Psychol, 101(9), 1201-1227. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000124
Cabrera, A., & Cabrera, E. F. (2002). Knowledge-Sharing Dilemmas. Organization Studies, 23(5), 687-710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840602235001
Cao, T. T., Le, P. B., & Nguyen, N. T. M. (2022). Impacts of high-involvement HRM practices on organizational innovation capability: the mediating mechanism of tacit and explicit knowledge sharing. International Journal of Innovation Science, 14(5), 733-749. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-05-2021-0091
Cates, D. A., Mathis, C. J., & Randle, N. W. (2010). A Positive Perspective of Citizenship Pressure Among Working Adults. Journal of Managerial Issues, 22(3), 330-344. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20798915
Cesário, F., & Chambel, M. J. (2017). Linking Organizational Commitment and Work Engagement to Employee Performance. Knowledge and Process Management, 24(2), 152-158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1542
Chernyak-Hai, L., & Rabenu, E. (2018). The New Era Workplace Relationships: Is Social Exchange Theory Still Relevant? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 11(3), 456-481. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2018.5
Collins, C. J. (2021). Expanding the resource based view model of strategic human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(2), 331-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1711442
Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Rodell, J. B., Long, D. M., Zapata, C. P., Conlon, D. E., & Wesson, M. J. (2013). Justice at the millennium, a decade later: A meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 199-236. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031757
Council, C. L. (2004). Driving performance and retention through employee engagement. In: Washington, DC: Corporate Executive Board.
Cranmer, G. A., Goldman, Z. W., & Houghton, J. D. (2019). I’ll do it myself: self-leadership, proactivity, and socialization. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(6), 684-698. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2018-0389
De Clercq, D., Suhail, A., Azeem, M. U., & Haq, I. U. (2021). Citizenship pressure and job performance: roles of citizenship fatigue and continuance commitment. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 59(3), 482-505. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12241
Delery, J. E., & Roumpi, D. (2017). Strategic human resource management, human capital and competitive advantage: is the field going in circles? Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12137
Deng, H., Duan, S. X., & Wibowo, S. (2023). Digital technology driven knowledge sharing for job performance. Journal of Knowledge Management, 27(2), 404-425. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2021-0637
Dhir, S., & Shukla, A. (2019). Role of organizational image in employee engagement and performance. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 26(3), 971-989. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-04-2018-0094
Epstein, L. D. (2000). Sharing knowledge in organizations: How people use media to communicate. University of California, Berkeley.
Faith, C. K., & Seeam, A. K. (2018). Knowledge sharing in academia: A case study using a SECI model approach. Journal of Education, 9, 53-70.
Fulk, J., Flanagin, A. J., Kalman, M. E., Monge, P. R., & Ryan, T. (1996). Connective and Communal Public Goods in Interactive Communication Systems. Communication Theory, 6(1), 60-87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00120.x
Galanaki, E. (2020). Effects of employee benefits on affective and continuance commitment during times of crisis. International Journal of Manpower, 41(2), 220-238. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-08-2018-0270
Hamadamin, H. H., & Atan, T. (2019). The Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management Practices on Competitive Advantage Sustainability: The Mediation of Human Capital Development and Employee Commitment. Sustainability, 11(20).
Harinoto, H., Sanusi, A., & Triatmanto, B. J. A. o. S. M. J. (2018). Organizational culture and work commitment mediate the Islamic work ethos on employee performance. 17(5), 1-8.
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1), 116-122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02016.x
Inam, A., Ho, J. A., Sheikh, A. A., Shafqat, M., & Najam, U. (2023). How self leadership enhances normative commitment and work performance by engaging people at work? Current Psychology, 42(5), 3596-3609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01697-5
Jackson, J. S., & Knight, K. M. (2006). Race and self-regulatory health behaviors: the role of the stress response and the HPA axis in physical and mental health disparities. Social structures, aging, self-regulation in the elderly, 189-239.
Jaros, S. (2017). A critique of normative commitment in management research. Management Research Review, 40(5), 517-537. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-08-2016-0200
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
Karanika-Murray, M., Duncan, N., Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Organizational identification, work engagement, and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(8), 1019-1033. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2013-0359
Käser, P. A. W., & Miles, R. E. (2002). Understanding Knowledge Activists’ Successes and Failures. Long Range Planning, 35(1), 9-28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(02)00020-1
Kmieciak, R. (2021). Trust, knowledge sharing, and innovative work behavior: empirical evidence from Poland. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(5), 1832-1859. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-04-2020-0134
Knoll, M., Hall, R. J., & Weigelt, O. (2019). A longitudinal study of the relationships between four differentially motivated forms of employee silence and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(5), 572-589. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000143
Kwahk, K.-Y., & Park, D.-H. (2016). The effects of network sharing on knowledge-sharing activities and job performance in enterprise social media environments. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 826-839. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.044
Le, P. B., Lei, H., Le, T. T., Gong, J., & Ha, A. T. (2020). Developing a collaborative culture for radical and incremental innovation: the mediating roles of tacit and explicit knowledge sharing. Chinese Management Studies, 14(4), 957-975. https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-04-2019-0151
Lee, H., & Choi, B. (2003). Knowledge Management Enablers, Processes, and Organizational Performance: An Integrative View and Empirical Examination. Journal of Management Information Systems, 20(1), 179-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2003.11045756
Lei, H., Ha, A. T. L., & Le, P. B. (2020). How ethical leadership cultivates radical and incremental innovation: the mediating role of tacit and explicit knowledge sharing. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 35(5), 849-862. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2019-0180
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 1(1), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.x
MacLeod, D., & Clarke, N. (2009). Engaging for success: enhancing performance through employee engagement: a report to government.
Malik, A., Froese, F. J., & Sharma, P. (2020). Role of HRM in knowledge integration: Towards a conceptual framework. Journal of Business Research, 109, 524-535. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.029
Martini, I. A. O., Supriyadinata, A. A. N. E., Sutrisni, K. E., & Sarmawa, I. W. G. (2020). The dimensions of competency on worker performance mediated by work commitment. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1794677. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1794677
May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11-37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915892
McCormick, L., & Donohue, R. (2019). Antecedents of affective and normative commitment of organisational volunteers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(18), 2581-2604. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1166388
Meira, J. V. d. S., & Hancer, M. (2021). Using the social exchange theory to explore the employee-organization relationship in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 670-692. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2020-0538
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & DeChurch, L. A. (2009). Information sharing and team performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied psychology, 94(2), 535-546. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013773
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Sage publications.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (2004). TCM employee commitment survey academic users guide 2004.
Meyer, J. P., & Maltin, E. R. (2010). Employee commitment and well-being: A critical review, theoretical framework and research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 323-337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.007
Meyer, J. P., Morin, A. J. S., & Vandenberghe, C. (2015). Dual commitment to organization and supervisor: A person-centered approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 56-72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.02.001
Meyer, J. P., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2010). Normative commitment in the workplace: A theoretical analysis and re-conceptualization. Human Resource Management Review, 20(4), 283-294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.09.001
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842
Mohamad, M. M., Sulaiman, N. L., Sern, L. C., & Salleh, K. M. (2015). Measuring the Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 204, 164-171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.129
Mohd Rasdi, R., & Tangaraja, G. (2022). Knowledge-sharing behaviour in public service organisations: determinants and the roles of affective commitment and normative commitment. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(3/4), 337-355. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-02-2020-0028
Molm, L. D. (1997). Coercive power in social exchange [doi:10.1017/CBO9780511570919]. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570919
Morin, A. J. S., Morizot, J., Boudrias, J.-S., & Madore, I. (2010). A Multifoci Person-Centered Perspective on Workplace Affective Commitment: A Latent Profile/Factor Mixture Analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 14(1), 58-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428109356476
Morrison, E. W. (2011). Employee Voice Behavior: Integration and Directions for Future Research. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 373-412. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.574506
Motyka, B. (2018). Employee engagement and performance: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Management and Economics, 54(3), 227-244. https://doi.org/doi:10.2478/ijme-2018-0018
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224-247. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(79)90072-1
Nangoli, S., Kemboi, A., Lagat, C., Namono, R., Nakyeyune, S., & Muhumuza, B. (2020). Strategising for continuance commitment: the role of servant leadership behaviour. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 17(1), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-01-2020-0008
Nazir, O., & Islam, J. U. (2017). Enhancing organizational commitment and employee performance through employee engagement. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 6(1), 98-114. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-04-2016-0036
Nguyen, M., Malik, A., & Sharma, P. (2021). How to motivate employees to engage in online knowledge sharing? Differences between posters and lurkers. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(7), 1811-1831. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2020-0649
Nickols, F. (2013). The tacit and explicit nature of knowledge: The knowledge in knowledge management. In The knowledge management yearbook 2000-2001 (pp. 12-21). Routledge.
Nonaka, I., & von Krogh, G. (2009). Perspective—Tacit Knowledge and Knowledge Conversion: Controversy and Advancement in Organizational Knowledge Creation Theory. Organization Science, 20(3), 635-652. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1080.0412
Obrenovic, B., Jianguo, D., Tsoy, D., Obrenovic, S., Khan, M. A. S., & Anwar, F. (2020). The Enjoyment of Knowledge Sharing: Impact of Altruism on Tacit Knowledge-Sharing Behavior [Original Research]. 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01496
Obrenovic, B., Obrenovic, S., & Hudaykulov, A. (2015). The value of knowledge sharing: impact of tacit and explicit knowledge sharing on team performance of scientists. International Journal of Management Science Business Administration, 1(2), 33-52.
Osterloh, M., & Frey, B. S. (2000). Motivation, Knowledge Transfer, and Organizational Forms. Organization Science, 11(5), 538-550. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.5.538.15204
Park, J., & Gabbard, J. L. (2018). Factors that affect scientists' knowledge sharing behavior in health and life sciences research communities: Differences between explicit and implicit knowledge. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 326-335. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.017
Pawirosumarto, S., Sarjana, P. K., & Gunawan, R. (2017). The effect of work environment, leadership style, and organizational culture towards job satisfaction and its implication towards employee performance in Parador Hotels and Resorts, Indonesia. International Journal of Law and Management, 59(6), 1337-1358. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-10-2016-0085
Qureshi, H., Lambert, E. G., & Frank, J. (2019). When Domains Spill Over: The Relationships of Work–Family Conflict With Indian Police Affective and Continuance Commitment. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63(14), 2501-2525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X19846347
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Jaafar, M., Kock, N., & Ramayah, T. (2015). A revised framework of social exchange theory to investigate the factors influencing residents' perceptions. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 335-345. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.10.001
Razak, N. A., Pangil, F., Zin, M. L. M., Yunus, N. A. M., & Asnawi, N. H. (2016). Theories of Knowledge Sharing Behavior in Business Strategy. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 545-553. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30163-0
Razmerita, L., Kirchner, K., & Nielsen, P. (2016). What factors influence knowledge sharing in organizations? A social dilemma perspective of social media communication. Journal of Knowledge Management, 20(6), 1225-1246. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2016-0112
Reychav, I., & Weisberg, J. (2009). Going beyond technology: Knowledge sharing as a tool for enhancing customer-oriented attitudes. International Journal of Information Management, 29(5), 353-361. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2008.11.005
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698-714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job Engagement: Antecedents and Effects on Job Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.51468988
Richman, A. (2006). Everyone wants an engaged workforce how can you create it. In (Vol. 49, pp. 36-39): Workspan Bengaluru.
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Saks, A. M. (2022). Caring human resources management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 32(3), 100835. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100835
Schaufeli, W., & Bakker, A. (2004). UWES UTRECHT Work Engagement Scale
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Shuck, B., & Wollard, K. (2009). Employee Engagement and HRD: A Seminal Review of the Foundations. Human Resource Development Review, 9(1), 89-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484309353560
Small, C. T., & Sage, A. P. (2006). Knowledge management and knowledge sharing: A review. Information Knowledge Systems Management, 5, 153-169.
Smith, M., & Bititci, U. S. (2017). Interplay between performance measurement and management, employee engagement and performance. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 37(9), 1207-1228. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-06-2015-0313
Stanley, D. J., & Meyer, J. P. (2016). Chapter 15: Employee commitment and performance. In Handbook of Employee Commitment. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784711740.00027
Stephens, R. D., Dawley, D. D., & Stephens, D. B. (2004). Commitment on the Board: A Model of Volunteer Directors' Levels of Organizational Commitment and Self-reported Performance. Journal of Managerial Issues, 16(4), 483-504. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40604465
Sungu, L. J., Weng, Q., & Xu, X. (2019). Organizational commitment and job performance: Examining the moderating roles of occupational commitment and transformational leadership. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 27(3), 280-290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12256
Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Organizational identity: A reader, 56-65.
Tisu, L., Lupșa, D., Vîrgă, D., & Rusu, A. (2020). Personality characteristics, job performance and mental health: the mediating role of work engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 153, 109644. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109644
Trepte, S. (2013). Social identity theory. In Psychology of entertainment (pp. 255-271). Routledge.
Ugaddan, R. G., & Park, S. M. (2017). Quality of leadership and public service motivation: A social exchange perspective on employee engagement. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 30(3), 270-285. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-08-2016-0133
Vaijayanthi, P., Shreenivasan, K., & Prabhakaran, S. (2011). Employee Engagement predictors: A study at GE Power & Water. International Journal of Global Business, 4(2), 60-72.
Varma, A., Srinivas, E. S., & Stroh, L. K. (2005). A comparative study of the impact of leader‐member exchange in US and Indian samples. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 12(1), 84-95. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600510797971
Wang, X., Guo, Y., & Duan, J. (2022). When does commitment backfire: Linking employee continuance commitment to silence behavior. European Review of Applied Psychology, 72(6), 100797. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2022.100797
Wang, Y. (2015). Examining organizational citizenship behavior of Japanese employees: a multidimensional analysis of the relationship to organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(4), 425-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.560882
Wayne, S. J., Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M., Eisenberger, R., Liden, R. C., Rousseau, D. M., & Shore, L. M. (2009). Social Influences. In H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker, & J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment in Organizations: Accumulated Wisdom and New Directions (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203882122
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601-617. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305
Xu, A. J., Loi, R., & Lam, L. W. (2015). The bad boss takes it all: How abusive supervision and leader–member exchange interact to influence employee silence. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(5), 763-774. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.03.002
Xu, X., & Payne, S. C. (2016). Predicting Retention Duration From Organizational Commitment Profile Transitions. Journal of Management, 44(5), 2142-2168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316643166
Yan, Z., Wang, T., Chen, Y., & Zhang, H. (2016). Knowledge sharing in online health communities: A social exchange theory perspective. Information & Management, 53(5), 643-653. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.02.001
Yi, J. (2015). A Measure of Knowledge Sharing Behavior: Scale Development and Validation. In J. S. Edwards (Ed.), The Essentials of Knowledge Management (pp. 213-245). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137552105_10
Yin, N. (2018). The influencing outcomes of job engagement: an interpretation from the social exchange theory. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 67(5), 873-889. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-03-2017-0054
Zack, M. H. J. S. m. r. (1999). Managing codified knowledge. 40(4), 45-58.
Zhang, X., & Liu, S. (2021). Understanding relationship commitment and continuous knowledge sharing in online health communities: a social exchange perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 26(3), 592-614. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-12-2020-0883
Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Lytras, M., Ordonez de Pablos, P., & He, W. (2018). Exploring the effect of transformational leadership on individual creativity in e-learning: a perspective of social exchange theory. Studies in Higher Education, 43(11), 1964-1978. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1296824
Zhao, P., Xu, X., Peng, Y., & Matthews, R. A. (2020). Justice, support, commitment, and time are intertwined: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 120, 103432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103432
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Deddy Mulyana, Eeng Ahman, Janah Sojanah, Budi Santoso

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.