Main Article Content
Abstract
A successful enterprise in the contemporary economy requires appropriate skills and persons possessing an entrepreneurial mindset. The entrepreneurial mindset is crucial for achieving success in the company. The current degree of entrepreneurial mindsets within each group must be assessed by identifying the deficiencies that require modification to promote entrepreneurial success. This research examines successful entrepreneurs' inner mindset and characteristics and the variables contributing to their career achievements. The study's respondents consisted of four entrepreneurs from the Central Java region. The collected data were analysed following the seven steps of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) focusing on the participants’ life experiences and their inner mindset, motivations, behaviours, and successful career in their entrepreneurship process. This study demonstrates that the components of an entrepreneurial mindset—such as (1) generally request themselves to be a good model in their community; (2) always searching for any opportunity to open their business; (3) tend to see failure as a learning process and as a self-development enhancing event; (4) tend to see and further facilitate their team development and company goals; (5) generally possess the capacity for leadership and communication skills —are integral to the three dimensions of an entrepreneur's inner mindset, which facilitates of successful careers.
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Article Details
References
- Alvarez. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27(6), 755–776.
- Ardichvili. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1).
- Bandura. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope ofself- efficacy theory. Journal OfSocial and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359–373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.359.
- Baum JR, Bird BJ, S. S. (2011). The practical intelligence of entrepreneurs: antecedents and a link with new venture growth. Pers. Psychol, 64(2), 397–425.
- Baum JR, Locke EA, S. K. (2001). A multidimensional model of venture growth. Acad. Manag., 44(2), 292–303.
- Bosma, N., Hessels, J., Schutjens, V., Praag, M. Van, & Verheul, I. (2012). Entrepreneurship and role models. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 410–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.004
- Bryant, P. (2009). Self-regulation and moral awareness among entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.005
- Cardon. (2012). Exploring the heart: Entrepreneurial emotion is a hot topic. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(1), 1–10.
- Cardon. (2015). Entrepreneurial passion as mediator of the self–efficacy to persistence relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(5), 1027–1050.
- Cardon MS, Wincent J, Singh J, D. M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Acad. Manag. Rev., 34(3), 511–532.
- Carland Jr., J. W., Carland, J. A. C., &Carland III, J. W. T. (1995). Self-actualization: the zenith of entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 6(1), 53–56.
- Carree MA, T. A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth. Springer, New York.
- Cohen. (2007). The representation of instructions in working memory leads to autonomous response activation: Evidence from the first trials in the flanker paradigm. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(8), 1140–1154.
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
- deMol. (2018). Predicting entrepreneurial burnout in a moderated mediated model of job fit. Journal of Small Business Management, 56(3), 392–411.
- Dhliwayo & Vuuren. (2007). “The strategic entrepreneurial thinking imperative.” Acta Com, 7, 123–134.
- Dickson, K. &. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 25(3), 85–400. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1994.tb01849.x.
- Duncan, W. J. (2011). Surviving organizational disasters. Business Hori- Zons, 54(2), 135e142.
- Dunnette & Hough. (1990). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd edition. Consulting Psychologist., 1, 75–170.
- Dweck. (1988). A social-cognitive ap- proach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2).
- Ellen, C., Anantadjaya, S. P., & Saroso, T. (2014). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Success on Indonesian Food Service MSMEs. 3(1), 81–98.
- Estes. (1975). Handbook of learning and cognitive processes (Vol. 1). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Fairlie, R., & Robb, A. (2007). Families, human capital and small business: Evidence from the characteristics of business owners survey. Industrial and LaborRelations Review, 60(2), 225–245.
- Frese, M., & Gielnik, M. M. (2014). The Psychology of Entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 413–438. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091326
- Georgellis, Y., Sessions, J. G., & Tsitsianis, N. (2005). Windfalls, wealth, and the transition to self-employment. Small Business Economics, 25(5), 407–428.
- Gruber. (2013). Escaping the prior knowledge corridor: What shapes the number and variety ofmarket opportunities identified before market entry of technology start-ups? Organization Science, 24(1), 280–300.
- Guerrero, M., Liñán, F., & Cáceres-Carrasco, F. R. (2021). The influence of ecosystems on the entrepreneurship process: a comparison across developed and developing economies. Small Business Economics, 57(4), 1733–1759.
- Haynie, J. . (2010). “A situated metacognitive model of the entrepreneurial mindset.” Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2), 217–229.
- Hayward. (2006). Hubris theory of entrepreneurship. Management Science, 52(2), 160–172.
- Ireland. (2003). A model of strategic entrepreneurship: the construct and its dimensions. Journal of Management, 29, 963–990.
- Kariv. (2008). The relationship between stress and business performance among men and women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 21(4), 449–476.
- Khan. (2014). Disengagement of nascent entrepreneurs from the start-up process. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1111/jsbm.12032.
- Koellinger. (2007). “Ithink Ican,I think I can”: overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28(4), 502–527. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2006.11.002.
- Krauss. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation: a psychological model of success among southern African small business owners. European Journal OfWork and Organizational Psychology, 14(3).
- Kuratko, D. F., Fisher, G., & Audretsch, D. B. (2020). Unraveling the entrepreneurial mindset. Small Business Economics, June. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00372-6
- Leitch, C. M. (2017). i s b j Entrepreneurial leadership : Insights and directions. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616681397
- Levy, M., & Powell, P. (2005). Strategies for growth in SMEs: The role of information and information systems. Oxford, UK: Information Systems Series (ISS), Elsevier.
- Lingelbach, D. C., De La Vina, L., & Asel, P. (2011). What’s Distinctive about Growth-Oriented Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries? SSRN Electronic Journal, March 2005. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.742605
- Locke & Latham. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. 35-Year Odyssey. Am. Psychol, 57(9), 705–17.
- Mazzei, M. J., et. al. (2016). Moving beyond initial success: Promoting innovation in small busi- nesses through high-performance work practices. Business Horizons, 59(1), 51e60.
- McCartan-Quinn, D., & Carson, D. (2003). Issues which impact upon marketing in the small firm. Small Business Economics, 21(2), 201e213.
- McKelvie, A., and W. (2004). How knowledge affects opportunity discovery and exploitation among new ventures in dynamic markets? In Opportunity Identification and Entrepreneurial Behaviour. Ed. J. E. Butler (Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing), 219–239.
- McMullen. (2006). Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review 31, 132–152.
- McMullen. (2016). Trapped by the entrepre- neurial mindset: Opportunity seeking and escalation ofcommitment in the Mount Everest disaster. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(6), 663–686.
- Mitchell. (2000). Cross-cultural decisions and the venture creation decision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 974–994.
- Mitchell. (2007). The central question in entrepreneurial cognition research 2007. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31(1).
- Mohamad, N. M., Masron, T. A., & Ibrahim, H. (2021). The role of entrepreneurship on income inequality in developing countries. Journal of Poverty, 25(6), 520–542.
- Neneh, N. B. (2012). An exploratory study on entrepreneurial mindset in the small and medium enterprise ( SME ) sector : A South African perspective on fostering small and medium enterprise ( SME ) success. 6(9), 3364–3372. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.1631
- Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037 /0033-295x.91.3.328.
- Nicolaou, N., Shane, S., Cherkas, L., Hunkin, J., & Spector, T. D. (2008). Is the tendency to engage in entrepreneurship genetic? Management Science, 54, 167–179.
- Renko M, Tarabishy A, Carsrud AL, et al. (2015). Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 54–74.
- Reynolds. (2006). Moral awareness and ethical predispositions: investigating the role of individual differences in the recognition of moral issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 233–243.
- Scherer. (1989). Role model performance: effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 53–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177 /104225878901300306
- Seo MG, Barrett LF, B. J. (2004). The role of affective experience in work motivation. Acad. Manag. Rev., 29(3), 423–439.
- Shane S, V. S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. 25(1):217–26. Acad. Manag. Rev., 25(1), 217–226.
- Siregar, T. (2019). Number of Entrepreneurs in Indonesia Translucent 8 Million People.
- Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1(1), 39–54.
- Spradley. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview, Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York, NY.
- Townsend. (2010). To start or not to start: outcome and ability expectations in the decision to start a new venture. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2), 192–202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusvent.2008.05.003.
- Unger JM, Keith N, Hilling C, Gielnik MM, F. M. (2009). Deliberate practice among South African small business owners: relationships with education, cognitive ability, knowledge, and success. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol., 82(1), 21–44.
- Unger JM, Rauch A, Frese M, R. N. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: a meta- analytical review. J. Bus. Ventur, 26(3), 341–358.
- Vancouver. (2005). Industrial and organisation research on self-regulation: from constructs to applications. Applied Psychology, 54(2), 155–185.
- Wood. (2012). The road to riches? A model of the cognitive processes and inflection points underpinning entrepreneurial action. Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, 207–252.
References
Alvarez. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27(6), 755–776.
Ardichvili. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1).
Bandura. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope ofself- efficacy theory. Journal OfSocial and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359–373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.359.
Baum JR, Bird BJ, S. S. (2011). The practical intelligence of entrepreneurs: antecedents and a link with new venture growth. Pers. Psychol, 64(2), 397–425.
Baum JR, Locke EA, S. K. (2001). A multidimensional model of venture growth. Acad. Manag., 44(2), 292–303.
Bosma, N., Hessels, J., Schutjens, V., Praag, M. Van, & Verheul, I. (2012). Entrepreneurship and role models. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 410–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.004
Bryant, P. (2009). Self-regulation and moral awareness among entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.005
Cardon. (2012). Exploring the heart: Entrepreneurial emotion is a hot topic. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(1), 1–10.
Cardon. (2015). Entrepreneurial passion as mediator of the self–efficacy to persistence relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(5), 1027–1050.
Cardon MS, Wincent J, Singh J, D. M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Acad. Manag. Rev., 34(3), 511–532.
Carland Jr., J. W., Carland, J. A. C., &Carland III, J. W. T. (1995). Self-actualization: the zenith of entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 6(1), 53–56.
Carree MA, T. A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth. Springer, New York.
Cohen. (2007). The representation of instructions in working memory leads to autonomous response activation: Evidence from the first trials in the flanker paradigm. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(8), 1140–1154.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
deMol. (2018). Predicting entrepreneurial burnout in a moderated mediated model of job fit. Journal of Small Business Management, 56(3), 392–411.
Dhliwayo & Vuuren. (2007). “The strategic entrepreneurial thinking imperative.” Acta Com, 7, 123–134.
Dickson, K. &. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 25(3), 85–400. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1994.tb01849.x.
Duncan, W. J. (2011). Surviving organizational disasters. Business Hori- Zons, 54(2), 135e142.
Dunnette & Hough. (1990). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd edition. Consulting Psychologist., 1, 75–170.
Dweck. (1988). A social-cognitive ap- proach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2).
Ellen, C., Anantadjaya, S. P., & Saroso, T. (2014). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Success on Indonesian Food Service MSMEs. 3(1), 81–98.
Estes. (1975). Handbook of learning and cognitive processes (Vol. 1). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Fairlie, R., & Robb, A. (2007). Families, human capital and small business: Evidence from the characteristics of business owners survey. Industrial and LaborRelations Review, 60(2), 225–245.
Frese, M., & Gielnik, M. M. (2014). The Psychology of Entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 413–438. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091326
Georgellis, Y., Sessions, J. G., & Tsitsianis, N. (2005). Windfalls, wealth, and the transition to self-employment. Small Business Economics, 25(5), 407–428.
Gruber. (2013). Escaping the prior knowledge corridor: What shapes the number and variety ofmarket opportunities identified before market entry of technology start-ups? Organization Science, 24(1), 280–300.
Guerrero, M., Liñán, F., & Cáceres-Carrasco, F. R. (2021). The influence of ecosystems on the entrepreneurship process: a comparison across developed and developing economies. Small Business Economics, 57(4), 1733–1759.
Haynie, J. . (2010). “A situated metacognitive model of the entrepreneurial mindset.” Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2), 217–229.
Hayward. (2006). Hubris theory of entrepreneurship. Management Science, 52(2), 160–172.
Ireland. (2003). A model of strategic entrepreneurship: the construct and its dimensions. Journal of Management, 29, 963–990.
Kariv. (2008). The relationship between stress and business performance among men and women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 21(4), 449–476.
Khan. (2014). Disengagement of nascent entrepreneurs from the start-up process. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1111/jsbm.12032.
Koellinger. (2007). “Ithink Ican,I think I can”: overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28(4), 502–527. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2006.11.002.
Krauss. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation: a psychological model of success among southern African small business owners. European Journal OfWork and Organizational Psychology, 14(3).
Kuratko, D. F., Fisher, G., & Audretsch, D. B. (2020). Unraveling the entrepreneurial mindset. Small Business Economics, June. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00372-6
Leitch, C. M. (2017). i s b j Entrepreneurial leadership : Insights and directions. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616681397
Levy, M., & Powell, P. (2005). Strategies for growth in SMEs: The role of information and information systems. Oxford, UK: Information Systems Series (ISS), Elsevier.
Lingelbach, D. C., De La Vina, L., & Asel, P. (2011). What’s Distinctive about Growth-Oriented Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries? SSRN Electronic Journal, March 2005. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.742605
Locke & Latham. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. 35-Year Odyssey. Am. Psychol, 57(9), 705–17.
Mazzei, M. J., et. al. (2016). Moving beyond initial success: Promoting innovation in small busi- nesses through high-performance work practices. Business Horizons, 59(1), 51e60.
McCartan-Quinn, D., & Carson, D. (2003). Issues which impact upon marketing in the small firm. Small Business Economics, 21(2), 201e213.
McKelvie, A., and W. (2004). How knowledge affects opportunity discovery and exploitation among new ventures in dynamic markets? In Opportunity Identification and Entrepreneurial Behaviour. Ed. J. E. Butler (Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing), 219–239.
McMullen. (2006). Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review 31, 132–152.
McMullen. (2016). Trapped by the entrepre- neurial mindset: Opportunity seeking and escalation ofcommitment in the Mount Everest disaster. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(6), 663–686.
Mitchell. (2000). Cross-cultural decisions and the venture creation decision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 974–994.
Mitchell. (2007). The central question in entrepreneurial cognition research 2007. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31(1).
Mohamad, N. M., Masron, T. A., & Ibrahim, H. (2021). The role of entrepreneurship on income inequality in developing countries. Journal of Poverty, 25(6), 520–542.
Neneh, N. B. (2012). An exploratory study on entrepreneurial mindset in the small and medium enterprise ( SME ) sector : A South African perspective on fostering small and medium enterprise ( SME ) success. 6(9), 3364–3372. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.1631
Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037 /0033-295x.91.3.328.
Nicolaou, N., Shane, S., Cherkas, L., Hunkin, J., & Spector, T. D. (2008). Is the tendency to engage in entrepreneurship genetic? Management Science, 54, 167–179.
Renko M, Tarabishy A, Carsrud AL, et al. (2015). Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 54–74.
Reynolds. (2006). Moral awareness and ethical predispositions: investigating the role of individual differences in the recognition of moral issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 233–243.
Scherer. (1989). Role model performance: effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 53–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177 /104225878901300306
Seo MG, Barrett LF, B. J. (2004). The role of affective experience in work motivation. Acad. Manag. Rev., 29(3), 423–439.
Shane S, V. S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. 25(1):217–26. Acad. Manag. Rev., 25(1), 217–226.
Siregar, T. (2019). Number of Entrepreneurs in Indonesia Translucent 8 Million People.
Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1(1), 39–54.
Spradley. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview, Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York, NY.
Townsend. (2010). To start or not to start: outcome and ability expectations in the decision to start a new venture. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2), 192–202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusvent.2008.05.003.
Unger JM, Keith N, Hilling C, Gielnik MM, F. M. (2009). Deliberate practice among South African small business owners: relationships with education, cognitive ability, knowledge, and success. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol., 82(1), 21–44.
Unger JM, Rauch A, Frese M, R. N. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: a meta- analytical review. J. Bus. Ventur, 26(3), 341–358.
Vancouver. (2005). Industrial and organisation research on self-regulation: from constructs to applications. Applied Psychology, 54(2), 155–185.
Wood. (2012). The road to riches? A model of the cognitive processes and inflection points underpinning entrepreneurial action. Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, 207–252.