Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to analyse the effect of organisational ethical climate and ethics training on whistleblowing intentions of local government accounting staff based on the Ethical Climate Theory proposed by Victor and Cullen (1988), as well as the moderating effect of ethics training on the relationship between ethical climate and whistleblowing intentions. Using data collected through a questionnaire survey with direct mailing method to 63 employees working in the accounting and assets department in the Regional Financial Management Agency in 3 regencies/cities in Papua Province, Indonesia. This study found that ethical climate and ethics training influence whistleblowing intentions. However, ethics training did not strengthen the relationship between ethical climate and whistleblowing intentions. These findings support the Ethical Climate Theory. Practically, this study suggests that increasing whistleblowing intentions by LG accounting staff can be achieved by improving the ethical climate within the organisation and supporting accounting staff to attend ethics training.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Ahmad, Syahrul Ahmar, Rahimah Mohamed Yunos, Raja Adzrin Raja Ahmad, and Zuraidah Mohd Sanusi. 2014. "Whistleblowing Behaviour: The Influence of Ethical Climates Theory." Procedia - Social and Behavioural Sciences 164(August):445-50. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.101.
- Alleyne, Philmore, Wayne Charles-Soverall, Tracey Broome, and Amanda Pierce. 2017. "Perceptions, Predictors and Consequences of Whistleblowing among Accounting Employees in Barbados." Meditari Accountancy Research 25(2):241-67. doi: 10.1108/MEDAR-09-2016-0080.
- Andon, Paul, Clinton Free, Radzi Jidin, Gary S. Monroe, and Michael J. Turner. 2018. "The Impact of Financial Incentives and Perceptions of Seriousness on Whistleblowing Intention." Journal of Business Ethics 151(1):165-78. doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3215-6.
- Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE). 2020. "Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse: 2020 Global Fraud Study." Acfe 88.
- As’ad, A., Junaidin, J., Syarifuddin, S., Herison, R., & Syukur, A. (2024). The Impact of Cross-Cultural Management on Global Collaboration and Performance. Bata Ilyas Educational Management Review, 4(2), 30-42.
- Aydan, Seda, and Sıdıka Kaya. 2018. "Ethical Climate as a Moderator between Organizational Trust & Whistle-Blowing among Nurses and Secretaries." Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 34(2):429-34. doi: 10.12669/pjms.342.14669.
- Bowen, Shannon. 2004. "Organisational Factors Encouraging Ethical Decision Making: An Exploration into the Case of an Exemplar." Journal of Business Ethics 52(4):311-24. doi: 10.1007/s10551-004-1527-4.
- Brennan, Niamh, and John Kelly. 2007. "A Study of Whistleblowing among Trainee Auditors." British Accounting Review 39(1):61-87. doi: 10.1016/j.bar.2006.12.002.
- Brink, Alisa G., D. Jordan Lowe, and Lisa M. Victoravich. 2013. "The Effect of Evidence Strength and Internal Rewards on Intentions to Report Fraud in the Dodd-Frank Regulatory Environment." Auditing 32(3):87-104. doi: 10.2308/ajpt-50449.
- Centre for Business Ethics. 1986. "Are Corporations Instituonalising Ethics?" Journal of Business Ethics 5:85-91.
- Dalton, Derek, and Robin R. Radtke. 2013. "The Joint Effects of Machiavellianism and Ethical Environment on Whistle-Blowing." Journal of Business Ethics 117(1):153-72. doi: 10.1007/s10551-012-1517-x.
- Fritzsche, David J. 2000. "Ethical Climates and the Ethical Dimension of Decision Making." Journal of Business Ethics 24(2):125-40. doi: 10.1023/A:1006262914562.
- Gao, Lei, and Alisa G. Brink. 2017. "Whistleblowing Studies in Accounting Research: A Review of Experimental Studies on the Determinants of Whistleblowing." Journal of Accounting Literature 38(May):1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.acclit.2017.05.001.
- Ghozali, Imam. 2018. Application of Multivariate Analysis with the SPSS 25 Programme. 9th ed. Semarang: Diponegoro University Publishing Agency.
- Kancharla, Raviteja, and Anubha Dadhich. 2021. "Perceived Ethics Training and Workplace Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Perceived Ethical Culture." European Journal of Training and Development 45(1):53-73. doi: 10.1108/EJTD-03-2020-0045.
- Latan, Hengky, Christian M. Ringle, and Charbel Jose Chiappetta Jabbour. 2018. "Whistleblowing Intentions among Public Accountants in Indonesia: Testing for the Moderation Effects." Journal of Business Ethics 152(2):573-88. doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3318-0.
- Liu, Yan, Shuming Zhao, Rui Li, Lulu Zhou, and Feng Tian. 2018. "The Relationship between Organizational Identification and Internal Whistle-Blowing: The Joint Moderating Effects of Perceived Ethical Climate and Proactive Personality." Review of Managerial Science 12(1):113-34. doi: 10.1007/s11846-016-0214-z.
- Lowe, D. Jordan, Kelly R. Pope, and Janet A. Samuels. 2015. "An Examination of Financial Sub-Certification and Timing of Fraud Discovery on Employee Whistleblowing Reporting Intentions." Journal of Business Ethics 131(4):757-72. doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-2020-8.
- Martin, Kelly D., and John B. Cullen. 2006. "Continuities and Extensions of Ethical Climate Theory: A Meta-Analytic Review." Journal of Business Ethics 69(2):175-94. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9084-7.
- Murphy, Patrick E. 1988. "Implementing Business Ethics." Journal of Business Ethics 7(12):907-15.
- Near, Janet P., and Marcia P. Miceli. 1985. "Organisational Dissidence: The Case of Whistle-Blowing." Journal of Business Ethics 4(1):1-16. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4126-3.
- Nuswantara, Dian Anita. 2023. "Reframing Whistleblowing Intention: An Analysis of Individual and Situational Factors." Journal of Financial Crime 30(1):266-84. doi: 10.1108/JFC-11-2021-0255.
- Park, Heungsik, and John Blenkinsopp. 2009. "Whistleblowing as Planned Behaviour - A Survey of South Korean Police Officers." Journal of Business Ethics 85(4):545-56. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9788-y.
- Park, Heungsik, and John Blenkinsopp. 2013. "The Impact of Ethics Programmes and Ethical Culture on Misconduct in Public Service Organizations." International Journal of Public Sector Management 26(7):520-33. doi: 10.1108/IJPSM-01-2012-0004.
- Park, Heungsik, John Blenkinsopp, and Myeongsil Park. 2014. "The Influence of an Observer's Value Orientation and Personality Type on Attitudes Toward Whistleblowing." Journal of Business Ethics 120(1):121-29. doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-1908-7.
- Potipiroon, Wisanupong, and Achakorn Wongpreedee. 2021. "Ethical Climate and Whistleblowing Intentions: Testing the Mediating Roles of Public Service Motivation and Psychological Safety Among Local Government Employees." Public Personnel Management 50(3):327-55. doi: 10.1177/0091026020944547.
- Pratama, T. P., & As' ad, A. (2025). Pengaruh Employee Engagement dan Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai pada Pengadilan Tinggi Agama Makassar. Economics and Digital Business Review, 6(2), 1166-1177.
- Rose, Jacob M., Alisa G. Brink, and Carolyn Strand Norman. 2018. "The Effects of Compensation Structures and Monetary Rewards on Managers' Decisions to Blow the Whistle." Journal of Business Ethics 150(3):853-62. doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3222-7.
- Rothwell, Gary R., and J. Norman Baldwin. 2006. "Ethical Climates and Contextual Predictors of Whistle-Blowing." Review of Public Personnel Administration 26(3):216-44. doi: 10.1177/0734371X05278114.
- Rothwell, Gary R., and J. Norman Baldwin. 2007. "Ethical Climate Theory, Whistle-Blowing, and the Code of Silence in Police Agencies in the State of Georgia." Journal of Business Ethics 70(4):341-61. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9114-5.
- Schwartz, Mark S. 2016. "Ethical Decision-Making Theory: An Integrated Approach." Journal of Business Ethics 139(4):755-76. doi: 10.1007/s10551-015-2886-8.
- Seifert, Deborah L., John T. Sweeney, Jeff Joireman, and John M. Thornton. 2010. "The Influence of Organizational Justice on Accountant Whistleblowing." Accounting, Organizations and Society 35(7):707-17. doi: 10.1016/j.aos.2010.09.002.
- Sekaran, Uma, and Roger Bougie. 2016. Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 7th ed. Wiley.
- Sekerka, Leslie E. 2009. "Organisational Ethics Education and Training: A Review of Best Practices and Their Application." International Journal of Training and Development 13(2):77-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2419.2009.00319.x.
- Smaili, Nadia. 2023. "Building an Ethical Culture by Improving Conditions for Whistleblowing." Journal of Business Strategy 44(1):37-43. doi: 10.1108/JBS-07-2021-0123.
- Stöber, Thomas, Peter Kotzian, and Barbara E. Weißenberger. 2019. "Design Matters: On the Impact of Compliance Programme Design on Corporate Ethics." Business Research 12(2):383-424. doi: 10.1007/s40685-018-0075-1.
- Tsai, Ming Tien, and Chun Chen Huang. 2008. "The Relationship among Ethical Climate Types, Facets of Job Satisfaction, and the Three Components of Organizational Commitment: A Study of Nurses in Taiwan." Journal of Business Ethics 80(3):565-81. doi: 10.1007/s10551-007-9455-8.
- Vadera, Abhijeet K., Ruth V. Aguilera, and Brianna B. Caza. 2009. "Making Sense of Whistle-Blowing's Antecedents: Learning from Research on Identity and Ethics Programs." Business Ethics Quarterly 19(4):553-86. doi: 10.5840/beq200919432.
- Valentine, Sean, and Gary Fleischman. 2004. "Ethics Training and Businesspersons' Perceptions of Organizational Ethics." Journal of Business Ethics 52(4):391-400. doi: 10.1007/s10551-004-5591-6.
- Victor, Bart, and John B. Cullen. 1988. "The Organizational Bases of Ethical Work Climates." 33(1):101-25.
- Wimbush, James C., and Jon M. Shepard. 1994. "Toward an Understanding of Ethical Climate: Its Relationship to Ethical Behaviour and Supervisory Influence." Journal of Business Ethics 13(8):637-47.
- Xu, Yin, and Douglas E. Ziegenfuss. 2008. "Reward Systems, Moral Reasoning, and Internal Auditors' Reporting Wrongdoing." Journal of Business and Psychology 22(4):323-31. doi: 10.1007/s10869-008-9072-2.
- Yakin, I. H., Supriatna, U., Rusdian, S., & Global Akademia, M. (2023). Research Methodology (Quantitative & Qualitative). Paper Knowledge. Toward a Media History of Documents.
- Zhang, Jian, Kurt Pany, and Philip M. J. Reckers. 2013. "Under Which Conditions Are Whistleblowing 'Best Practices' Best?" Auditing 32(3):171-81. doi: 10.2308/ajpt-50451.
- Zhou, Lulu, Yan Liu, Zhihong Chen, and Zhao. 2018. "Psychological Mechanisms Linking Ethical Climate to Employee Whistle-Blowing Intention." Journal of Managerial Psychology 33(2):196-213.
References
Ahmad, Syahrul Ahmar, Rahimah Mohamed Yunos, Raja Adzrin Raja Ahmad, and Zuraidah Mohd Sanusi. 2014. "Whistleblowing Behaviour: The Influence of Ethical Climates Theory." Procedia - Social and Behavioural Sciences 164(August):445-50. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.101.
Alleyne, Philmore, Wayne Charles-Soverall, Tracey Broome, and Amanda Pierce. 2017. "Perceptions, Predictors and Consequences of Whistleblowing among Accounting Employees in Barbados." Meditari Accountancy Research 25(2):241-67. doi: 10.1108/MEDAR-09-2016-0080.
Andon, Paul, Clinton Free, Radzi Jidin, Gary S. Monroe, and Michael J. Turner. 2018. "The Impact of Financial Incentives and Perceptions of Seriousness on Whistleblowing Intention." Journal of Business Ethics 151(1):165-78. doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3215-6.
Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE). 2020. "Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse: 2020 Global Fraud Study." Acfe 88.
As’ad, A., Junaidin, J., Syarifuddin, S., Herison, R., & Syukur, A. (2024). The Impact of Cross-Cultural Management on Global Collaboration and Performance. Bata Ilyas Educational Management Review, 4(2), 30-42.
Aydan, Seda, and Sıdıka Kaya. 2018. "Ethical Climate as a Moderator between Organizational Trust & Whistle-Blowing among Nurses and Secretaries." Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 34(2):429-34. doi: 10.12669/pjms.342.14669.
Bowen, Shannon. 2004. "Organisational Factors Encouraging Ethical Decision Making: An Exploration into the Case of an Exemplar." Journal of Business Ethics 52(4):311-24. doi: 10.1007/s10551-004-1527-4.
Brennan, Niamh, and John Kelly. 2007. "A Study of Whistleblowing among Trainee Auditors." British Accounting Review 39(1):61-87. doi: 10.1016/j.bar.2006.12.002.
Brink, Alisa G., D. Jordan Lowe, and Lisa M. Victoravich. 2013. "The Effect of Evidence Strength and Internal Rewards on Intentions to Report Fraud in the Dodd-Frank Regulatory Environment." Auditing 32(3):87-104. doi: 10.2308/ajpt-50449.
Centre for Business Ethics. 1986. "Are Corporations Instituonalising Ethics?" Journal of Business Ethics 5:85-91.
Dalton, Derek, and Robin R. Radtke. 2013. "The Joint Effects of Machiavellianism and Ethical Environment on Whistle-Blowing." Journal of Business Ethics 117(1):153-72. doi: 10.1007/s10551-012-1517-x.
Fritzsche, David J. 2000. "Ethical Climates and the Ethical Dimension of Decision Making." Journal of Business Ethics 24(2):125-40. doi: 10.1023/A:1006262914562.
Gao, Lei, and Alisa G. Brink. 2017. "Whistleblowing Studies in Accounting Research: A Review of Experimental Studies on the Determinants of Whistleblowing." Journal of Accounting Literature 38(May):1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.acclit.2017.05.001.
Ghozali, Imam. 2018. Application of Multivariate Analysis with the SPSS 25 Programme. 9th ed. Semarang: Diponegoro University Publishing Agency.
Kancharla, Raviteja, and Anubha Dadhich. 2021. "Perceived Ethics Training and Workplace Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Perceived Ethical Culture." European Journal of Training and Development 45(1):53-73. doi: 10.1108/EJTD-03-2020-0045.
Latan, Hengky, Christian M. Ringle, and Charbel Jose Chiappetta Jabbour. 2018. "Whistleblowing Intentions among Public Accountants in Indonesia: Testing for the Moderation Effects." Journal of Business Ethics 152(2):573-88. doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3318-0.
Liu, Yan, Shuming Zhao, Rui Li, Lulu Zhou, and Feng Tian. 2018. "The Relationship between Organizational Identification and Internal Whistle-Blowing: The Joint Moderating Effects of Perceived Ethical Climate and Proactive Personality." Review of Managerial Science 12(1):113-34. doi: 10.1007/s11846-016-0214-z.
Lowe, D. Jordan, Kelly R. Pope, and Janet A. Samuels. 2015. "An Examination of Financial Sub-Certification and Timing of Fraud Discovery on Employee Whistleblowing Reporting Intentions." Journal of Business Ethics 131(4):757-72. doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-2020-8.
Martin, Kelly D., and John B. Cullen. 2006. "Continuities and Extensions of Ethical Climate Theory: A Meta-Analytic Review." Journal of Business Ethics 69(2):175-94. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9084-7.
Murphy, Patrick E. 1988. "Implementing Business Ethics." Journal of Business Ethics 7(12):907-15.
Near, Janet P., and Marcia P. Miceli. 1985. "Organisational Dissidence: The Case of Whistle-Blowing." Journal of Business Ethics 4(1):1-16. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4126-3.
Nuswantara, Dian Anita. 2023. "Reframing Whistleblowing Intention: An Analysis of Individual and Situational Factors." Journal of Financial Crime 30(1):266-84. doi: 10.1108/JFC-11-2021-0255.
Park, Heungsik, and John Blenkinsopp. 2009. "Whistleblowing as Planned Behaviour - A Survey of South Korean Police Officers." Journal of Business Ethics 85(4):545-56. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9788-y.
Park, Heungsik, and John Blenkinsopp. 2013. "The Impact of Ethics Programmes and Ethical Culture on Misconduct in Public Service Organizations." International Journal of Public Sector Management 26(7):520-33. doi: 10.1108/IJPSM-01-2012-0004.
Park, Heungsik, John Blenkinsopp, and Myeongsil Park. 2014. "The Influence of an Observer's Value Orientation and Personality Type on Attitudes Toward Whistleblowing." Journal of Business Ethics 120(1):121-29. doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-1908-7.
Potipiroon, Wisanupong, and Achakorn Wongpreedee. 2021. "Ethical Climate and Whistleblowing Intentions: Testing the Mediating Roles of Public Service Motivation and Psychological Safety Among Local Government Employees." Public Personnel Management 50(3):327-55. doi: 10.1177/0091026020944547.
Pratama, T. P., & As' ad, A. (2025). Pengaruh Employee Engagement dan Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai pada Pengadilan Tinggi Agama Makassar. Economics and Digital Business Review, 6(2), 1166-1177.
Rose, Jacob M., Alisa G. Brink, and Carolyn Strand Norman. 2018. "The Effects of Compensation Structures and Monetary Rewards on Managers' Decisions to Blow the Whistle." Journal of Business Ethics 150(3):853-62. doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3222-7.
Rothwell, Gary R., and J. Norman Baldwin. 2006. "Ethical Climates and Contextual Predictors of Whistle-Blowing." Review of Public Personnel Administration 26(3):216-44. doi: 10.1177/0734371X05278114.
Rothwell, Gary R., and J. Norman Baldwin. 2007. "Ethical Climate Theory, Whistle-Blowing, and the Code of Silence in Police Agencies in the State of Georgia." Journal of Business Ethics 70(4):341-61. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9114-5.
Schwartz, Mark S. 2016. "Ethical Decision-Making Theory: An Integrated Approach." Journal of Business Ethics 139(4):755-76. doi: 10.1007/s10551-015-2886-8.
Seifert, Deborah L., John T. Sweeney, Jeff Joireman, and John M. Thornton. 2010. "The Influence of Organizational Justice on Accountant Whistleblowing." Accounting, Organizations and Society 35(7):707-17. doi: 10.1016/j.aos.2010.09.002.
Sekaran, Uma, and Roger Bougie. 2016. Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 7th ed. Wiley.
Sekerka, Leslie E. 2009. "Organisational Ethics Education and Training: A Review of Best Practices and Their Application." International Journal of Training and Development 13(2):77-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2419.2009.00319.x.
Smaili, Nadia. 2023. "Building an Ethical Culture by Improving Conditions for Whistleblowing." Journal of Business Strategy 44(1):37-43. doi: 10.1108/JBS-07-2021-0123.
Stöber, Thomas, Peter Kotzian, and Barbara E. Weißenberger. 2019. "Design Matters: On the Impact of Compliance Programme Design on Corporate Ethics." Business Research 12(2):383-424. doi: 10.1007/s40685-018-0075-1.
Tsai, Ming Tien, and Chun Chen Huang. 2008. "The Relationship among Ethical Climate Types, Facets of Job Satisfaction, and the Three Components of Organizational Commitment: A Study of Nurses in Taiwan." Journal of Business Ethics 80(3):565-81. doi: 10.1007/s10551-007-9455-8.
Vadera, Abhijeet K., Ruth V. Aguilera, and Brianna B. Caza. 2009. "Making Sense of Whistle-Blowing's Antecedents: Learning from Research on Identity and Ethics Programs." Business Ethics Quarterly 19(4):553-86. doi: 10.5840/beq200919432.
Valentine, Sean, and Gary Fleischman. 2004. "Ethics Training and Businesspersons' Perceptions of Organizational Ethics." Journal of Business Ethics 52(4):391-400. doi: 10.1007/s10551-004-5591-6.
Victor, Bart, and John B. Cullen. 1988. "The Organizational Bases of Ethical Work Climates." 33(1):101-25.
Wimbush, James C., and Jon M. Shepard. 1994. "Toward an Understanding of Ethical Climate: Its Relationship to Ethical Behaviour and Supervisory Influence." Journal of Business Ethics 13(8):637-47.
Xu, Yin, and Douglas E. Ziegenfuss. 2008. "Reward Systems, Moral Reasoning, and Internal Auditors' Reporting Wrongdoing." Journal of Business and Psychology 22(4):323-31. doi: 10.1007/s10869-008-9072-2.
Yakin, I. H., Supriatna, U., Rusdian, S., & Global Akademia, M. (2023). Research Methodology (Quantitative & Qualitative). Paper Knowledge. Toward a Media History of Documents.
Zhang, Jian, Kurt Pany, and Philip M. J. Reckers. 2013. "Under Which Conditions Are Whistleblowing 'Best Practices' Best?" Auditing 32(3):171-81. doi: 10.2308/ajpt-50451.
Zhou, Lulu, Yan Liu, Zhihong Chen, and Zhao. 2018. "Psychological Mechanisms Linking Ethical Climate to Employee Whistle-Blowing Intention." Journal of Managerial Psychology 33(2):196-213.